Study: Human activities sound an alarm for sea life

Humans have altered the ocean soundscape by drowning out natural noises relied upon by many marine animals, from shrimp to sharks.

Study: Human activities sound an alarm for sea life

Sound travels fast and far in water, and sea creatures use sound to communicate, navigate, hunt, hide and mate.

Since the industrial revolution, humans have introduced their own underwater cacophony from shipping vessels, seismic surveys searching for oil and gas, sonar mapping of the ocean floor, coastal construction and wind farms. Global warming could further alter the ocean soundscape as the melting Arctic opens up more shipping routes and wind and rainfall patterns change.

Yet noise has been conspicuously absent from global assessments of ocean health.

A team led by Carlos Duarte, distinguished professor at KAUST, trawled more than 10,000 papers and extracted the most rigorous quantitative studies of how noise affects marine animals.

Duarte says:

"The research goes back nearly 50 years, but this is the first time all the scattered evidence has been assembled and systematically assessed." 

Examining the literature, Duarte's team sought to describe ocean soundscapes, how these soundscapes have changed in the Anthropocene, the negative impacts they have on marine animals, and possible solutions. 

Duarte says:

"We were stunned by the contrast between the wealth of evidence and the general neglect of the problem in scientific debates and policymaking."

Of the 538 carefully chosen papers, 90 percent revealed significant impacts of human sounds on marine mammals, while 80 percent identified effects on fish and invertebrates, such as jellyfish. 

Duarte adds:

"But there's still a gap in our understanding of the impacts on diving birds and sea turtles."

Shipping is a widespread problem, disrupting travel, foraging, communication behaviors and the ability of young fish to learn to avoid predators. Particularly concerning was the effect of dampened soundscapes on the hearing of larvae trying to navigate to suitable habitats.

Duarte says:

"If they miss the call home, they will likely starve to death or be eaten."

Noise pollution has driven many marine animals from their natural territory, although escape is not always possible for species with specific ranges, such as the endangered Maui dolphin. In 2020, when global lockdowns were enforced during the COVID-19 pandemic, noise from shipping fell by 20 percent, and dolphins and sharks were spotted swimming through formerly busy, noisy waterways.

Duarte says:

"This is promising evidence of an almost immediate response of marine life to a relaxing of acoustic pressures."

The researchers highlight ways to alleviate anthropogenic noise, such as reducing shipping speeds, fitting boats with quieter propellers and using floating wind turbines. 

Duarte says:

"Retrofitting only one-tenth of the noisiest boats with better propellers would have widespread benefits."

However, marine ecosystems and noise pollution cross international boundaries, meaning that solutions require binding global agreements for restoring a sustainable ocean economy.